This paper takes a look at the current and likely future state of blockchain in Europe through the lens of large-scale blockchain platforms. Along the way it explores what factors, technical and organisational are likely to shape how platforms develop. Its authors make some observations and recommendations for entrepreneurs and policy makers about best practice for blockchain in Europe, too.

Focusing on three specific categories, this report looks at how the blockchain community can overcome common challenges.

When it comes to blockchain in Europe, businesses and entrepreneurs need to solve the following challenges:

• Scalability: the ability to handle large volumes of transactions at high speeds.
• Interoperability: the ability to exchange data with other platforms,  including those running different types of blockchains, as well as with the off-chain world.
• Sustainability: a) the ability to run a large-scale blockchain platform or decentralised application in an environmentally responsible way, and b) the ability to govern projects, platforms and the core technology in such a way that they remain viable over the long term.

Access this research to discover what the main issues and challenges in blockchain are, the success factors that belong to large scale blockchain projects, and what Europe needs to consider for the future of its blockchain infrastructure.

When it comes to blockchain in Europe, the government can play a role in fostering success as well through supporting the development of the base blockchain infrastructure. This report looks at the key success factors for such an infrastructure,
and some of the principles that policy makers should follow to support its development.